Let's look at Depression. What is it? Symptoms and Treatment.

 

What is Depression?

 

We at HMHB have a decent knowledge of depression after overcoming it ourselves. It can be overwhelming, suffocating, and destroy you from the inside.  If you feel you are suffering, please go and chat to your doctor or a medical professional.  There are many fantastic organisations and people who would love to help you get better. :-)

 

Depression is a common illness worldwide, with more than 264 million people affected.  Depression is different from usual mood fluctuations and short-lived emotional responses to challenges in everyday life.  Especially when long-lasting and with moderate or severe intensity, depression may become a serious health condition.  It can cause the affected person to suffer greatly and function poorly at work, at school and in the family.

At its worst, depression can lead to suicide.  Close to 800 000 people die due to suicide every year. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in 15-29-year-olds.

Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, between 76% and 85% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment for their disorder.  Barriers to effective care include a lack of resources, lack of trained health-care providers and social stigma associated with mental disorders.  Another barrier to effective care is inaccurate assessment.  In countries of all income levels, people who are depressed are often not correctly diagnosed, and others who do not have the disorder are too often misdiagnosed and prescribed antidepressants.

Depending on the number and severity of symptoms, a depressive episode can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe.

A key distinction is also made between depression in people who have or do not have a history of manic episodes.  Both types of depression can be chronic (i.e. over an extended period) with relapses, especially if they go untreated.

“Recurrent Depressive Disorder”:  This disorder involves repeated depressive episodes.  During these episodes, the person experiences depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy leading to diminished activity for at least two weeks.  Many people with depression also suffer from anxiety symptoms, disturbed sleep, and appetite, and may have feelings of guilt or low self-worth, poor concentration and even symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical diagnosis.

Depending on the number and severity of symptoms, a depressive episode can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe.  An individual with a mild depressive episode will have some difficulty in continuing with ordinary work and social activities but will probably not cease to function completely.  During a severe depressive episode, it is unlikely that the sufferer will be able to continue with social, work, or domestic activities, except to a limited extent.

“Bipolar Affective Disorder”:  This type of depression typically consists of both manic and depressive episodes separated by periods of normal mood.  Manic episodes involve elevated or irritable mood, over-activity, pressure of speech, inflated self-esteem, and a decreased need for sleep.

Factors and Prevention

Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors.  People who have gone through adverse life events (unemployment, bereavement, psychological trauma) are more likely to develop depression.  Depression can, in turn, lead to more stress and dysfunction and worsen the affected person’s life situation and depression itself.

There are interrelationships between depression and physical health.  For example, cardiovascular disease can lead to depression and vice versa.

Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression.  Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive thinking in children and adolescents.  Interventions for parents of children with behavioural problems may reduce parental depressive symptoms and improve outcomes for their children.  Exercise programmes for the elderly can also be effective in depression prevention.

Diagnosis and Treatment

There are effective treatments for moderate and severe depression.  Health-care providers may offer psychological treatments such as behavioural activation, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), or antidepressant medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).  Health-care providers should keep in mind the possible adverse effects associated with antidepressant medication, the ability to deliver either intervention (in terms of expertise, and/or treatment availability), and individual preferences.  Different psychological treatment formats for consideration include individual and/or group face-to-face psychological treatments delivered by professionals and supervised lay therapists.

Psychosocial treatments are also effective for mild depression.  Antidepressants can be an effective form of treatment for moderate-severe depression but are not the first line of treatment for cases of mild depression.  They should not be used for treating depression in children and are not the first line of treatment in adolescents, among whom they should be used with extra caution